What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

The distinction between primary and secondary succession is fundamental in understanding ecological processes following disturbances. Primary succession refers to the ecological process that occurs in an area where no soil exists, such as after a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat. It starts from bare rock and involves the gradual establishment of organisms, beginning with pioneer species like lichens and mosses that can survive in harsh conditions. Over time, these organisms contribute to soil formation, allowing more complex plant communities to develop.

In contrast, secondary succession takes place in areas where a disturbance has occurred but where soil and some organisms still remain, such as after a forest fire, hurricane, or human activity like farming. This type of succession is generally faster than primary succession because the soil is already in place, providing a more fertile environment for plants to regrow.

Understanding this distinction is crucial for recognizing how ecosystems recover and evolve over time after various types of disturbances.